R. de la Torre, E. Civit, F. Svaizer, A. Lotti, M. Gottardi, M. Miozzo, High throughput analysis of drugs of abuse in hair by combining purposely designed sample extraction compatible with immunometric methods used for drug testing in urine, Forensic Sci. Int. 196 (2010) 18-21. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.039. Epub 2010 Jan 18.

F. Svaizer, A. Lotti, M. Gottardi, M.P. Miozzo, Buprenorphine detection in hair samples by immunometric screening test: preliminary experience, Forensic Sci. Int. 196 (2010) 118-120. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.047. Epub 2010 Jan 18.

C.Moore, Oral fluid and hair in workplace drug testing programs: new technology for immunoassays, Drug Test Anal, 3 (2011) 166-168. doi: 10.1002/dta.140. Epub 2010 Jun 15.

M.R. Baumgartner, R. Guglielmello, M. Fanger, T. Kraemer, Analysis of drugs of abuse in hair: evaluation of the immunochemical method VMA-T vs. LC-MS/MS or GC-MS, Forensic Sci. Int. 215 (2012) 56-59. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.025. Epub 2011 Oct 22.

S. Pichini, M. Gottardi, E. Marchei, F. Svaizer, M. Pellegrini, M.C. Rotolo, O. García Algar, R. Pacifici, Rapid extraction, identification and quantification of drugs of abuse in hair by immunoassay and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 52 (2014) 679-686. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0784.

S. Pichini, E. Marchei, O. García-Algar, A. Gomez, R. Di Giovannandrea, R. Pacifici, Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of hallucinogenic drugs in hair of psychedelic plants and mushrooms consumers, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 100 (2014) 284-289. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.006. Epub 2014 Aug 10.

S. Pichini, O. Garcia-Algar, A. Alvarez, M. Gottardi, E. Marchei, F. Svaizer, M. Pellegrini, M.C. Rotolo, R. Pacifici, Assessment of unsuspected exposure to drugs of abuse in children from a Mediterranean city by hair testing, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 11 (2014) 2288-2298. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110202288.

S. Pichini, M.C. Rotolo, J. García, N. Girona, L. Leal, O. García-Algar, R. Pacifici, Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after chronic maternal consumption of 4-methylethcathinone, Forensic Sci. Int. (2014) 245:e33-5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.027. Epub 2014 Oct 24.

S. Pichini, E. Marchei, S. Martello, M. Gottardi, M. Pellegrini, F. Svaizer, A. Lotti, M. Chiarotti, R. Pacifici, Identification and quantification of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid glucuronide (THC-COOH-glu) in hair by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as a potential hair biomarker of cannabis use, Forensic Sci. Int. 249 (2015) 47-51. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.011. Epub 2015 Jan 22.

P. Kintz, A. Salomone, M. Vincenti, Hair Analysis in Clinical and Forensic Toxicology, first ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2015.

X. Joya, E.Marchei, J. Salat-Batlle, O. García-Algar, V. Calvaresi, R. Pacifici, S. Pichini, Fetal exposure to ethanol: relationship between ethyl glucuronide in maternal hair during pregnancy and ethyl glucuronide in neonatal meconium, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 54 (2016) 427-435. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0516.

X. Joya, E. Marchei, J. Salat-Batlle, O. García-Algar, V. Calvaresi, R. Pacifici, S. Pichini, Drugs of abuse in maternal hair and paired neonatal meconium: an objective assessment of foetal exposure to gestational consumption, Drug Test Anal. 8 (2016) 864-868. doi: 10.1002/dta.1921. Epub 2015 Dec 2.

S. Pichini, L. Cortes, E. Marchei, R. Solimini, R. Pacifici, M.D. Gomez-Roig, O. García-Algar, Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs in neonatal meconium and maternal hair, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 118 (2016) 9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.016. Epub 2015 Oct 22.

E. Marchei, I. Palmi, S. Pichini, R. Pacifici, I. Anton Airaldi, J.A.Costa Orvay, J. García Serra, B. Bonet Serra, Ó. García-Algar, Segmental hair testing to disclose chronic exposure to psychoactive drugs, Adicciones 28 (2016) 158-162. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.825.

F.P. Busardò, C. Kyriakou, E. Marchei, R. Pacifici, D.S. Pedersen, S. Pichini, Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for determination of GHB, precursors and metabolites in different specimens: Application to clinical and forensic cases, Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 137 (2017) 123-131. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.022. Epub 2017 Jan 9.

M. Grabenauer, N.D. Bynum, K.N. Moore, R.M. White, J.M. Mitchell, E.D. Hayes, R. Flegel, Detection and quantification of codeine-6-glucuronide, hydromorphone-3-glucuronide, oxymorphone-3-glucuronide, morphine 3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in human hair from opioid users by LC-MS-MS, J. Anal. Toxicol. 42 (2018) 115 -125. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkx086.

F.P. Busardò, M. Gottardi, A. Tini, A. Minutillo, A. Sirignano, E. Marinelli, S. Zaami, Replacing GHB with GBL in Recreational Settings: A New Trend in Chemsex, Curr. Drug Metab. 19 (2018) 1080-1085. doi: 10.2174/1389200219666180925090834.

F.P. Busardò, M. Gottardi, A.Tini, C. Mortali, R. Giorgetti, S. Pichini, Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for Determination of Endogenous GHB and GHB-Glucuronide in Nails, Molecules 23 (2018) 2686. doi:10.3390/molecules23102686.

F.P. Busardò, M.Gottardi, R. Pacifici, M. R. Varì, A.Tini, A. R. Volpe, R. Giorgetti, S. Pichini, Nails Analysis for Drugs Used in the Context of Chemsex: A Pilot Study, J Anal Toxicol, 44 (2020) 69-74. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkz009.

F.P. Busardò, J. Carlier, R. Giorgetti, A. Tagliabracci, R.Pacifici, M. Gottardi, S. Pichini, Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for Quantifying Fentanyl and 22 Analogs and Metabolites in Whole Blood, Urine, and Hair, Front. Chem.7 (2019) 184. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00184. eCollection 2019.

S. Malaca, F.P. Busardò, M. Gottardi, S. Pichini, E. Marchei, Dilute and shoot ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis of psychoactive drugs in oral fluid, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 170 (2019) 63-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.039. Epub 2019 Mar 16.

S. Pichini, G. Mannocchi, P. Berretta, S. Zaami, F. Pirani, R. Pacifici, F.P. Busardò, Ther Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Time Courses in the Sera of “Light Cannabis” Smokers: Discriminating Light Cannabis Use from Illegal and Medical Cannabis Use, Drug Monit., 42 (2020) 151-156. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000683.

S. Pichini, G. Mannocchi, M. Gottardi, A.P. Pérez-Acevedo, L. Poyatos, E. Papaseit, C. Pérez-Mañá, M. Farré, R. Pacifici, F. P. Busardò, Fast and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of cannabinoids and their acid precursors in pharmaceutical preparations of medical cannabis and their metabolites in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices of treated individual, Talanta 209 (2020) 120537. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120537. Epub 2019 Nov 15.

G. Mannocchi, A. Di Trana, A.Tini, S. Zaami, M. Gottardi, S. Pichini, F. P. Busardò, Development and validation of fast UHPLC-MS/MS screening method for 87 NPS and 32 other drugs of abuse in hair and nails: application to real cases, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 412 (2020) 5125-5145. doi: 10.1007/s00216-020-02462-6. Epub 2020 Feb 15.

E. Marchei, S. Malaca, S. Graziano, M. Gottardi, S. Pichini, F.P. Busardò, Stability and Degradation Pathways of Different Psychoactive Drugs in Neat and in Buffered Oral Fluid, J Anal Toxicol, 44 (2020) 570-579. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkz114.

A. Di Trana, G. Mannocchi, F. Pirani, N. La Maida, M. Gottardi, Pichini, S., Busardò, F.P. A comprehensive HPLC–MS-MS screening method for 77 new psychoactive substances, 24 classic drugs and 18 related metabolites in blood, urine and oral fluid, J.Anal. Tox. 44(2020) 769–783. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa103.

L. Romani, G. Mannocchi, F. Mineo, F. Vernich, L. Stefani, L. T. Marsella and R. Tittarelli, Development and Validation of a Fast and Sensitive UPLC-MS/MS Method for Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG) in Hair, Application to Real Cases and Comparison with Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin (CDT) in Serum, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1344

F.P. Busardò, A.P. Pérez-Acevedo, R. Pacifici, G. Mannocchi, M. Gottardi, E. Papaseit, C. Pérez-Mañá, S. Martin, L. Poyatos, S. Pichini, M. Farré, Disposition of phytocannabinoids, their acidic precursors and their metabolites in biological matrices of healthy individuals treated with vaporized medical cannabis. Pharmaceuticals 14 (2021) 1–14.

J. Gonçalves, Â. Luís, E. Gallardo, A.P. Duarte, Psychoactive Substances of Natural Origin: Toxicological Aspects, Therapeutic Properties and Analysis in Biological Samples, Molecules, 26 (2021) 1397. doi: 10.3390/molecules26051397.

S.Pichini, S. Malaca, M. Gottardi, A.P. Pérez-Acevedo, E. Papaseit, C. Perez-Maña, M. Farré, R.Pacifici, A.Tagliabracci, G. Mannocchi, F.P. Busardò, UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of cannabidiol metabolites in serum and urine samples. Application to an individual treated with medical cannabis, Talanta 223 (2021) 121772. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121772. Epub 2020 Oct 14.

N. La Maida, G. Mannocchi, R. Giorgetti, A.Sirignano, G. Ricci, F.P. Busardò, Optimization of a rapid sample pretreatment for the quantification of COCAINE and its main metabolites in hair through a new and validated GC-MS/MS method. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 204 (2021) 114282. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114282. Epub 2021 Jul 24.

S. Malaca, M. Gottardi, F. Pigliasco, S. Barco, A. Cafaro, E. Amadori, A. Riva, M. Marcenaro, P. Striano, G. Cangemi, R. Pacifici, S. Pichini, F.P. Busardò, UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of cannabidiol and its metabolites in serum of patients with resistant epilepsy treated with CBD formulations, Pharmaceuticals 14 (2021) 630. doi: 10.3390/ph14070630.

A.F. Lo Faro, A. Tini, M. Gottardi, F. Pirani, A. Sirignano, R. Giorgetti, F.P. Busardò. Development and validation of a fast ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determining carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their metabolites in urine and hair, Drug Test Anal. 8 (2021) 1552-1560. doi: 10.1002/dta.3055. Epub 2021 Jul 16.

F.K. Nzekoue, M. Agostini, M. Verboni, C. Renzoni, L. Alfieri, S. Barocci, M. Ricciutelli, G. Caprioli, S. Lucarini. A comprehensive UHPLC-MS/MS screening method for the analysis of 98 New Psychoactive Substances and related compounds in human hair, J Pharm Biomed Anal. 205 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114310. Epub 2021 Aug 8.

A.F. Lo Faro, A. Tini, J. Gottardi, S. Pichini, J. Carlier, R. Giorgetti, F.P. Busardò. UHPLC-MS-MS Determination of THC, CBD and Their Metabolites in Whole Blood of Light Cannabis Smokers, J Anal Toxicol. 46 (2023) 9 doi: 10.1093/jat/bkac081.

E. Groff, M. Lucchiari, G. Stocchero, F. Donini, G.M. Marchio, F. Ingenito, L. Bertoldi, L. Pecoraro, E. Bertol, D. Favretto, A. Anesi. Comparison of two methods for the extraction of ethylglucuronide from hair, Drug Test Anal. (2023) doi: 10.1002/dta.3516. Online ahead of print

C. Calvetti, A. Salomone, A. Verzeletti, F.Di Nardo, P. M. G. Begni, S.Vezzoli, Are the NPS commonly used? An extensive investigation in Northern Italy based on hair analysis, J Anal Toxicol, 00 (2023) 1-6. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad040. Online ahead of print.

Application of LC-MS/MS for the Identification of Drugs of Abuse in Driver’s License Regranting Procedures. R. Tittarelli, L. Stefani, L. Romani , F. Mineo, F. Vernich, G. Mannocchi, M.R. Pellecchia, C. Russo, L.T. Marsella. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024 Dec 20;17(12):1728. doi: 10.3390/ph17121728.

A.F. Lo Faro, A. Tini, G.Kobidze, G. Mannocchi, M. Gottardi, F.P. Busardò, G. Basile, B. Chakvetadze. New screening and quantification method by UHPLC-MS/MS of 36 new synthetic cathinones in hair. Application to real cases. JPBA Open Volume 4, December 2024, doi.org/10.1016/j.jpbao.2024.100040.

A.P. Pérez-Acevedo, F.P. Busardò, R. Pacifici, G. Mannocchi, M. Gottardi, L. Poyatos, E. Papaseit, C. Pérez-Mañá, S. Martin, A. Di Trana, S. Pichini, M. Farré. Disposition of Cannabidiol Metabolites in Serum and Urine from Healthy Individuals Treated with Pharmaceutical Preparations of Medical Cannabis, 13 (2020) 459. doi: 10.3390/ph13120459.

L. Romani, G. Mannocchi, F. Mineo, F. Vernich, L. Stefani, L.T. Marsella, R. Tittarelli. Development and Validation of a Fast and Sensitive UPLC-MS/MS Method for Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG) in Hair, Application to Real Cases and Comparison with Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin (CDT) in Serum. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Feb 5;26(3):1344. doi: 10.3390/ijms26031344.

I. Corrales-Gutierrez, D. Gomez-Baya, F. Leon-Larios, R. Medero-Canela, E. Marchei, R. Mendoza-Berjano and Ó. García-Algar, Alcohol Consumption Assessed by a Biomarker and Self-Reported Drinking in a Sample of Pregnant Women in the South of Europe: A Comparative Study, Toxics 2023, 11(11), 930.

A.F. Lo Faro, A. Tini, G. Kobidze, G. Mannocchi, M. Gottardi, F.P. Busardò, G. Basil, B. Chakvetadze, New screening and quantification method by UHPLC-MS/MS of 36 new synthetic cathinones in hair. Application to real cases, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Open 4 (2024) 100040.

B. Feigel, P. Adamowicz & S. Wybraniec, Recent advances in analysis of new psychoactive substances by means of liquid chromatography coupled with low-resolution tandem mass spectrometry Critical Review, 416, pages 107–124, (2024)

M. Peruch, M. Buffon, Z. Jakovski, C. Spiliopoulou, R. Addobbati, M. Franzin, P. A. Magni, and S. D’Errico, Comparative Toxicological Analyses of Traditional Matrices and Blow Fly Larvae in Four Cases of Highly Decomposed Human Cadavers, Insects 2024, 15(7), 500.

M. Grabenauer, K. Bollinger, N. D. Bynum, S. Vikingsson, E.D. Hayes, R. R. Flegel, Prevalence of opioid glucuronides in human hair, Forensic Chemistry 39 (2024) 100578

T. Guizolfi, A. Kramer, R. Menck, S. Moura, Advancements in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for amphetamine analysis in unconventional biological matrices: Focus on oral fluid and hair samples, Separation Science Plus, 2024, Vol 7, Issue 7, p1.

A.Giorgetti, P. Fais, J. P. Pascali, S. Mohamed, F. Rossi, M. Garagnani, G. Pelletti, External hair contamination from cannabis and “light cannabis” delivered by smoking and vaping: An in vitro study, Drug Test Anal. 2024 Oct;16(10):1077-1084

R. Tittarelli, L. Stefani, L. Romani, F. Mineo, F. Vernich, G. Mannocchi, M. R. Pellecchia, C. Russo, L. T. Marsella, Application of LC-MS/MS for the Identification of Drugs of Abuse in Driver’s License Regranting Procedures, Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024 Dec 20;17(12):1728

V. Longo, G. Stocchero, M. Lucchiari, G. Michele Marchio, F. Donini, F. Ingenito, L. Bertoldi, L. Pecoraro, A. Anesi, D. Favretto. An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of drugs of abuse included THC-COOH, EtG, and NPS, using a single hair extraction sample, Drug Test Anal. 2025 Jan;17(1):56-74.

C. Kustera, M. LeBeau, S. Sharma, L. Arroyo, Recent trends in the analysis of GHB in hair, J Anal Toxico. 2025 Jul 17:bkaf069